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Kubernetes 201

Labels, Deployments, Services and Health Checking

If you went through Kubernetes 101, you learned about kubectl, Pods, Volumes, and multiple containers. For Kubernetes 201, we will pick up where 101 left off and cover some slightly more advanced topics in Kubernetes, related to application productionization, Deployment and scaling.

In order for the kubectl usage examples to work, make sure you have an examples directory locally, either from a release or the source.

Labels

Having already learned about Pods and how to create them, you may be struck by an urge to create many, many Pods. Please do! But eventually you will need a system to organize these Pods into groups. The system for achieving this in Kubernetes is Labels. Labels are key-value pairs that are attached to each object in Kubernetes. Label selectors can be passed along with a RESTful list request to the apiserver to retrieve a list of objects which match that label selector.

To add a label, add a labels section under metadata in the Pod definition:

  labels:
    app: nginx

For example, here is the nginx Pod definition with labels (pod-nginx-with-label.yaml):

pod-nginx-with-label.yaml 
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: nginx
  labels:
    app: nginx
spec:
  containers:
  - name: nginx
    image: nginx
    ports:
    - containerPort: 80

Create the labeled Pod (pod-nginx-with-label.yaml):

kubectl create -f docs/user-guide/walkthrough/pod-nginx-with-label.yaml

List all Pods with the label app=nginx:

kubectl get pods -l app=nginx

For more information, see Labels. They are a core concept used by two additional Kubernetes building blocks: Deployments and Services.

Deployments

Now that you know how to make awesome, multi-container, labeled Pods and you want to use them to build an application, you might be tempted to just start building a whole bunch of individual Pods, but if you do that, a whole host of operational concerns pop up. For example: how will you scale the number of Pods up or down? How will you roll out a new release?

The answer to those questions and more is to use a Deployment to manage maintaining and updating your running Pods.

A Deployment object defines a Pod creation template (a “cookie-cutter” if you will) and desired replica count. The Deployment uses a label selector to identify the Pods it manages, and will create or delete Pods as needed to meet the replica count. Deployments are also used to manage safely rolling out changes to your running Pods.

Here is a Deployment that instantiates two nginx Pods:

deployment.yaml 
apiVersion: extensions/v1beta1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
  name: nginx-deployment
spec:
  replicas: 2 # tells deployment to run 2 pods matching the template
  template: # create pods using pod definition in this template
    metadata:
      # unlike pod-nginx.yaml, the name is not included in the meta data as a unique name is
      # generated from the deployment name
      labels:
        app: nginx
    spec:
      containers:
      - name: nginx
        image: nginx:1.7.9
        ports:
        - containerPort: 80

Deployment Management

Create an nginx Deployment:

Download the deployment.yaml above by clicking on the file name and copy to your local directory.

kubectl create -f ./deployment.yaml

List all Deployments:

kubectl get deployment

List the Pods created by the Deployment:

kubectl get pods -l app=nginx

Upgrade the nginx container from 1.7.9 to 1.8 by changing the Deployment and calling apply. The following config contains the desired changes:

deployment-update.yaml 
apiVersion: extensions/v1beta1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
  name: nginx-deployment
spec:
  replicas: 2
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        app: nginx
    spec:
      containers:
      - name: nginx
        image: nginx:1.8 # Update the version of nginx from 1.7.9 to 1.8
        ports:
        - containerPort: 80

Download ./deployment-update.yaml and copy to your local directory.

kubectl apply -f ./deployment-update.yaml

Watch the Deployment create Pods with new names and delete the old Pods:

kubectl get pods -l app=nginx

Delete the Deployment by name:

kubectl delete deployment nginx-deployment

For more information, such as how to rollback Deployment changes to a previous version, see Deployments.

Services

Once you have a replicated set of Pods, you need an abstraction that enables connectivity between the layers of your application. For example, if you have a Deployment managing your backend jobs, you don’t want to have to reconfigure your front-ends whenever you re-scale your backends. Likewise, if the Pods in your backends are scheduled (or rescheduled) onto different machines, you can’t be required to re-configure your front-ends. In Kubernetes, the service abstraction achieves these goals. A service provides a way to refer to a set of Pods (selected by labels) with a single static IP address. It may also provide load balancing, if supported by the provider.

For example, here is a service that balances across the Pods created in the previous nginx Deployment example (service.yaml):

service.yaml 
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
  name: nginx-service
spec:
  ports:
  - port: 8000 # the port that this service should serve on
    # the container on each pod to connect to, can be a name
    # (e.g. 'www') or a number (e.g. 80)
    targetPort: 80
    protocol: TCP
  # just like the selector in the deployment,
  # but this time it identifies the set of pods to load balance
  # traffic to.
  selector:
    app: nginx

Service Management

Create an nginx service (service.yaml):

kubectl create -f docs/user-guide/walkthrough/service.yaml

List all services:

kubectl get services

On most providers, the service IPs are not externally accessible. The easiest way to test that the service is working is to create a busybox Pod and exec commands on it remotely. See the command execution documentation for details.

Provided the service IP is accessible, you should be able to access its http endpoint with wget on the exposed port:


$ export SERVICE_IP=$(kubectl get service nginx-service -o go-template='{{.spec.clusterIP}}')
$ export SERVICE_PORT=$(kubectl get service nginx-service -o go-template='{{(index .spec.ports 0).port}}')
$ echo "$SERVICE_IP:$SERVICE_PORT"
$ kubectl run busybox  --generator=run-pod/v1 --image=busybox --restart=Never --tty -i --env "SERVICE_IP=$SERVICE_IP,SERVICE_PORT=$SERVICE_PORT"
u@busybox$ wget -qO- http://$SERVICE_IP:$SERVICE_PORT # Run in the busybox container
u@busybox$ exit # Exit the busybox container
$ kubectl delete pod busybox # Clean up the pod we created with "kubectl run"

To delete the service by name:

kubectl delete service nginx-service

When created, each service is assigned a unique IP address. This address is tied to the lifespan of the Service, and will not change while the Service is alive. Pods can be configured to talk to the service, and know that communication to the service will be automatically load-balanced out to some Pod that is a member of the set identified by the label selector in the Service.

For more information, see Services.

Health Checking

When I write code it never crashes, right? Sadly the Kubernetes issues list indicates otherwise…

Rather than trying to write bug-free code, a better approach is to use a management system to perform periodic health checking and repair of your application. That way a system outside of your application itself is responsible for monitoring the application and taking action to fix it. It’s important that the system be outside of the application, since if your application fails and the health checking agent is part of your application, it may fail as well and you’ll never know. In Kubernetes, the health check monitor is the Kubelet agent.

Process Health Checking

The simplest form of health-checking is just process level health checking. The Kubelet constantly asks the Docker daemon if the container process is still running, and if not, the container process is restarted. In all of the Kubernetes examples you have run so far, this health checking was actually already enabled. It’s on for every single container that runs in Kubernetes.

Application Health Checking

However, in many cases this low-level health checking is insufficient. Consider, for example, the following code:

lockOne := sync.Mutex{}
lockTwo := sync.Mutex{}

go func() {
  lockOne.Lock();
  lockTwo.Lock();
  ...
}()

lockTwo.Lock();
lockOne.Lock();

This is a classic example of a problem in computer science known as “Deadlock”. From Docker’s perspective your application is still operating and the process is still running, but from your application’s perspective your code is locked up and will never respond correctly.

To address this problem, Kubernetes supports user implemented application health-checks. These checks are performed by the Kubelet to ensure that your application is operating correctly for a definition of “correctly” that you provide.

Currently, there are three types of application health checks that you can choose from:

In all cases, if the Kubelet discovers a failure the container is restarted.

The container health checks are configured in the livenessProbe section of your container config. There you can also specify an initialDelaySeconds that is a grace period from when the container is started to when health checks are performed, to enable your container to perform any necessary initialization.

Here is an example config for a Pod with an HTTP health check (pod-with-http-healthcheck.yaml):

pod-with-http-healthcheck.yaml 
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: pod-with-healthcheck
spec:
  containers:
  - name: nginx
    image: nginx
    # defines the health checking
    livenessProbe:
      # an http probe
      httpGet:
        path: /_status/healthz
        port: 80
      # length of time to wait for a pod to initialize
      # after pod startup, before applying health checking
      initialDelaySeconds: 30
      timeoutSeconds: 1
    ports:
    - containerPort: 80

For more information about health checking, see Container Probes.

What’s Next?

For a complete application see the guestbook example.

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